You Must Remember This: Memorization is Just a Scaffold… as the Semester Goes By with Tommy Lee

Dr. Tommy Lee, a behavioral neuroscientist in Barnard College at Columbia University’s Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, joins Dead Ideas in Teaching and Learning to challenge one of higher ed’s most persistent assumptions: that memorization is a low-level task standing in the way of real learning. Dr. Lee’s research considers how the brain forms episodic memory, including our memories of experiences and spaces.

In this episode, we tackle the dead idea that remembering and thinking are opposites. Lee complicates this notion by drawing on his own research into the hippocampus and other studies on working memory, disproving the notion that memorization crowds out critical thinking. Lee argues that as AI agents make it easier to “just look up info,” this dead idea is again becoming pervasive in higher education. We end the episode with practical guidance for instructors looking to build retrieval practice into their coursework. The end result is a classroom that lowers the stakes for students, reduces their anxiety, and makes progress more tangible.

Recommended Readings / References:

Lee, S. L. T. (Forthcoming 2027). Neuroscience of learning for AI-enhanced teaching. In E. R. Reynolds & B.R. Johnson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education. Oxford University Press.

Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy: An Overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(4), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2

Pfeiffer, B. E., & Foster, D. J. (2013). Hippocampal place-cell sequences depict future paths to remembered goals. Nature, 497(7447), Article 7447. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12112

Pan, S. C., & Rickard, T. C. (2018). Transfer of test-enhanced learning: Meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(7), 710–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000151

Cowan, N. (2010). The Magical Mystery Four: How Is Working Memory Capacity Limited, and Why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721409359277

Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996). Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212414

Qin, S., Cho, S., Chen, T., Rosenberg-Lee, M., Geary, D. C., & Menon, V. (2014). Hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization underlies children’s cognitive development. Nature Neuroscience, 17(9), 1263–1269. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3788

Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö., & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(26), e2422633122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122

Smith, A. M., Floerke, V. A., & Thomas, A. K. (2016). Retrieval practice protects memory against acute stress. Science, 354(6315), 1046–1048. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5067

Haak, D. C., Hille Ris Lambers, J., Pitre, E., & Freeman, S. (2011). Increased Structure and Active Learning Reduce the Achievement Gap in Introductory Biology. Science, 332(6034), 1213–1216. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204820

Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2762