Episodes

The previous episode took us to about 1870, with Williamsport as the lumber capital of the United States. Challenges to the lumbering industry arose. The eastern white pine forests of Pennsylvania were being depleted, to the point that total forested land in the Commonwealth dropped to under 70% from the 95% that William Penn first encountered in the late 17th century. There was intense competition from the lumber industry in Michigan. North Central Pennsylvania’s forests were still full of heml...

The story of Pennsylvania, first as a colony and later as the Commonwealth, is in many ways inseparable from its trees. The name Pennsylvania, which means “Penn’s Woods,” is itself an indication of the fact that, when William Penn arrived in Pennsylvania in1682, over 27 million acres – or about 95% – of what is now the Commonwealth was heavily forested. Those trees were a highly valued resource, especially the expansive stands of eastern white pine that stretched across northern Pennsylvania. On...

In the previous episode, we described how the Pennsylvania Assembly’s Committee on Safety established the Pennsylvania Navy, developed three forts along the Delaware River, and installed a series of underwater hazards to big ships sailing up the Delaware. These were all meant to defend Philadelphia from the powerful British Navy. It worked until the British Army sidestepped the River defenses in their efforts to reach Philadelphia. They landed at the top of Chesapeake Bay in Elk Head, Maryland, ...

Did you know that, during the American War for Independence, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had a navy? Let that sink in. It’s true. The Pennsylvania Navy was established in 1775, six months before the U.S. Navy. Its job was to police and protect the capital city Philadelphia and the surrounding region. It played a prominent role in two major revolutionary war battles: the Battle of Fort Mercer and the Battle of Fort Mifflin, the second of which was the scene of the largest bombardment in Nort...

What does Black Lives Matter have to do with rededicating a street in Northwest Philadelphia? In February of 2022, community leaders in Philadelphia celebrated the recognition of an important historical figure, the Reverend Richard Allen, when City Council named a street in his honor. Allen was one of the City’s first Black preachers and founder of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, of which Allen ultimately became bishop. He was also co-founder of the Free African Society, a mutual a...

In 1793, the capital city of Philadelphia was struck by a terrible yellow fever epidemic, one that caused President George Washington and Congress to flee the City, which ultimately lost 10% of its population to the disease. In our last episode, we met three notable Philadelphians of the Early American period. Most famous among them was Dr. Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, physician to America’s founding fathers, and one of, if not the most prominent physician at the tim...

It was perhaps the greatest calamity of the newly constituted United States, and it struck the capital city. In 1793, an epidemic of yellow fever decimated Philadelphia, and caused President George Washington and Congress to flee the virus. By the end of the outbreak, about 10% of the city’s population had died of the disease. Three important people stayed in the City to fight the disease: Dr. Benjamin Rush, a founding father later known as America’s Hippocrates; and African American preachers A...

On September 1, 1971, something unusual happened at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh. The game that night – between the Pittsburgh Pirates and their home-state rivals, the Philadelphia Phillies – started at 8:05pm when Dock Ellis, the Pirates’ pitcher, strode to the mound. From where he stood, he could have looked from the outfield to the infield to the catcher and noticed that every one of his starting teammates was Black or Latino, including superstars Roberto Clemente and Willie Stargell. T...

On Monday, June 10, 1985, at press conferences in London and New York City, it was announced that in just one month’s time there would be a 17-hour, two-stadium, bicontinental benefit concert for famine relief in Ethiopia, to be called Live Aid. It was organized by Irish musician Bob Geldof of the Boomtown Rats and would feature a “global jukebox” of over 40 of the top stars and groups in British and American music, from Mick Jagger, Elton John, Freddie Mercury and Queen, David Bowie and Phil Co...

This is the story of the Pennsylvania department store that for several decades was more well known and more glamorous than the city in which it was located – Hess’s of Allentown. The brothers Hess founded their dry goods store in Center City Allentown in 1897. By 1929, it had grown to become a large department store at the same location. By this time, both Hess brothers had died, leaving Max Hess, Jr., their 18-year-old heir. Max, Jr, would turn out to be one of the most innovative and successf...

This is the concluding episode in our three-part series on the financing and supply logistics of the American Revolution. It begins with financial and monetary crises having hit both the Continental Congress and the Pennsylvania Assembly. The Continental Congress has created the new role of Superintendent of Finance, and named Robert Morris to the position. Morris and his aides made several major reforms. They solved the army’s supply problems through private contracts with private vendors, crea...

On May 31, 1889, after torrential rains worse than any in recorded history, the South Fork Dam on the western side of the Allegheny Mountains broke, and 20 million tons of water poured downstream. Towns in its wake were leveled: South Fork, Mineral Point, Woodvale, East Conemaugh and, most notably, Johnstown. Prior to the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center, it was the deadliest man-made disaster in U.S. history. 2,209 people were killed. Johnstown and several neighboring towns were ...

This is the second episode in our three-part series on the financing and supply logistics of the American Revolution. In the first episode, we asked, “Who paid for all this stuff and how did it get to where it was needed?” We described how the Continental Congress funded the war at the start, and did so well enough to permit the military and diplomatic successes of 1777 and 1778. We introduced Philadelphia financier and merchant Robert Morris, one of the richest men in America, who played a key ...

The financing and logistics of the American Revolution. In order to get a full picture of the American Revolution, one has to study more than the battles fought by the soldiers and the political ideals of the Founding Fathers. You have to ask, “Who paid for all this stuff and how did it get to where it was needed?” This episode covers the first three years of the War, from 1775 to 1778, when America was a scrappy start-up venture. It illuminates the ways in which the Continental Congress paid fo...

What was life like in the nation’s capital under British control? From September of 1777 to June of 1778, the British Army occupied the City of Philadelphia. During this time, the Congress was in exile in York, and the Pennsylvania Assembly was in exile in Lancaster. This episode explains life and events in Philadelphia under British occupation. About a third of Philadelphians fled the approaching British, leaving behind a population of mostly loyalists and the disaffected. For the working-class...

July 1777 to June of 1778 was the pivotal year of the American Revolution. With the exception of the Battles of Saratoga, the most crucial events either happened in Pennsylvania (like the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the occupation of Philadelphia by the British, and the York Congress), or Pennsylvanians were at the heart of it (like Benjamin Franklin negotiating with the French in Paris). It was the Year of Pennsylvania. On the last episode we described those events but ended in Decemb...

The Second Continental Congress – the very same Congress that declared independence from Great Britain in 1776 at the state house in Philadelphia and that served as our representative government during the American Revolutionary War – – actually spent nine months in official session at the county courthouse in York, Pennsylvania. During its time in York, some of the most consequential decisions of the American Revolution were made – including agreement on the Articles of Confederation, which was...

The life and legacy of William Penn. This episode, the second of a two-part series, focuses on his founding of the English colony of Pennsylvania. William has direct experience with colonial rule, his father being a landholder in Ireland with Catholic tenant farmers, and his own mediation of a dispute in America in the colony of West Jersey. Penn successfully receives a colonial charter in 1681 but has to navigate many hostile parties – chiefly Charles Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, proprietor of ...

The life and legacy of William Penn, the founder of the English colony of Pennsylvania. This episode, the first of a two-part series, focuses on his family history and upbringing, his embrace of Quaker belief, and how he became a key figure in the struggle for religious freedom in England. He became what today would be considered a keyboard warrior and social influencer in support of Quakerism and the right of conscience – in defiance of his father, an English admiral, as well as authorities who...

Why the map of Pennsylvania has that little right triangle of land at the Northwest corner and why it has been a consequential place in our state’s history, perhaps most notably in the War of 1812. The episode starts with a discussion of colonial borders as they appear in the Kings’ charters and then reviews how Pennsylvania’s borders were settled. The Erie Triangle itself is created in 1784 and then sold by the federal government to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1792. The causes of the Wa...

The successful opening of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 gives the rest of the country a case of “canal fever” and none more so than the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Desperate to catch up with the surging economy of New York City, economic elites from Philadelphia and elsewhere in the Commonwealth hatch a plan for a cross-state canal, linking Philadelphia to Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh to Erie. What is eventually developed – the Main Line of Public Works – is a system of canals and rail...

What happens when the wickedest man in the world arrives in the wickedest place on the globe? It’s February of 1866 and the oil boom of Northwestern Pennsylvania is in high gear. Ben Hogan, welcome to Pithole, Pennsylvania. The discovery of oil and the birth of the oil industry created several boom towns some of which later became ghost towns. The most famous oil ghost town in Pennsylvania was Pithole, and it was populated with many a scoundrel and fallen woman. In this episode, we meet some of ...

Part one of “The Titusville Gusher” ended in about 1880 with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company crushing the independent oil producers of Northwest Pennsylvania, where oil was first discovered in 1859 and the industry was born. In this episode, we learn how journalist Ida Tarbell’s first wrote her History of Standard Oil, which appeared in McClure’s magazine in 19 installments. She tells a detailed story of how one business came to dominate an industry, through the greedy and ethic...

Titusville, Pennsylvania was where the first oil well was drilled in 1859. That started an economic boom that birthed a new industry and created several oil boom towns, some of which still exist today like Titusville and Oil City, and some of which became ghost towns and disappeared like Pithole and Petroleum Center. This episode focuses on that first discovery of oil by Edwin Drake, the resulting economic boom, and the rise of the Standard Oil Company, helmed by John D. Rockefeller. The episode...