During the Revolutionary War, enslaved American James Armistead acted as a double agent and provided valuable information to French general Marquis...
For enslaved Americans, literacy was a path to freedom. Those who could write forged the “tickets” that both enslaved and free blacks needed to...
Throughout the South, it was illegal for white people to teach black people--enslaved and sometimes free--how to read. Some whites taught blacks anyway:...
Anti-literacy laws prevented millions of enslaved Americans from learning to read and write, and from chronicling their lives on paper. Thanks to oral...
In 1964, most Americans were unaware that black people were literally dying for trying to vote in Mississippi. Bob Moses and other "SNCCs" hoped that...